Extensions

Turso provides several built-in extensions that add specialized SQL functions and virtual tables. Extensions can be loaded at runtime using the load_extension() function.

Loading Extensions

SELECT load_extension('extension_name');

Turso supports loading Turso-native extensions. SQLite .so/.dll loadable extensions are not supported.

UUID Extension

The UUID extension provides functions for generating and working with UUIDs. UUIDs are stored as 16-byte BLOBs by default.

Functions

Function	Parameters	Return Type	Description
`uuid4()`	none	BLOB	Generate a random UUID v4
`uuid4_str()`	none	TEXT	Generate a random UUID v4 as string. Alias: `gen_random_uuid()`
`uuid7()`	none	BLOB	Generate a time-ordered UUID v7
`uuid7(seconds)`	INTEGER	BLOB	Generate a UUID v7 with specified seconds since epoch
`uuid7_timestamp_ms(uuid)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Extract milliseconds since epoch from a UUID v7
`uuid_str(uuid)`	BLOB	TEXT	Convert a UUID blob to string representation
`uuid_blob(uuid)`	TEXT	BLOB	Convert a UUID string to blob representation

Examples

-- Generate UUIDs
SELECT uuid4_str();
-- '550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000'

SELECT uuid_str(uuid4());
-- 'f47ac10b-58cc-4372-a567-0e02b2c3d479'

-- UUID v7 is time-ordered (good for primary keys)
SELECT uuid_str(uuid7());
-- '0190a5c0-1234-7abc-8def-0123456789ab'

-- Extract timestamp from UUID v7
SELECT uuid7_timestamp_ms(uuid7());
-- 1720000000000

-- Use in a table
CREATE TABLE documents (
    id BLOB PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT (uuid7()),
    title TEXT
);
INSERT INTO documents (title) VALUES ('My Document');
SELECT uuid_str(id), title FROM documents;

Regexp Extension

The regexp extension provides regular expression functions compatible with sqlean-regexp.

Functions

Function	Parameters	Return Type	Description
`regexp(pattern, source)`	TEXT, TEXT	INTEGER	Returns 1 if source matches pattern
`regexp_like(source, pattern)`	TEXT, TEXT	INTEGER	Returns 1 if source matches pattern (argument order reversed)
`regexp_substr(source, pattern)`	TEXT, TEXT	TEXT	Returns the first substring matching pattern, or NULL
`regexp_capture(source, pattern)`	TEXT, TEXT	TEXT	Returns the first capture group match
`regexp_capture(source, pattern, n)`	TEXT, TEXT, INTEGER	TEXT	Returns the n-th capture group match
`regexp_replace(source, pattern, replacement)`	TEXT, TEXT, TEXT	TEXT	Replace matches with replacement string

Examples

-- Pattern matching
SELECT regexp('[0-9]+', 'abc123def');
-- 1

-- The REGEXP operator uses this extension
SELECT 'hello123' REGEXP '[a-z]+[0-9]+';
-- 1

-- Extract matching substring
SELECT regexp_substr('Price: $42.50', '[0-9]+\.[0-9]+');
-- '42.50'

-- Capture groups
SELECT regexp_capture('2025-03-15', '(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})', 1);
-- '2025'

-- Replace
SELECT regexp_replace('Hello World', '[aeiou]', '*');
-- 'H*ll* W*rld'

Vector Extension

Turso Extension: Native vector search for similarity search and semantic search applications.

The vector extension provides functions for creating, storing, and searching vector embeddings. Vectors are stored as BLOBs. For the complete function reference, see Vector Functions.

Quick Reference

Function	Description
`vector32(json)`	Create a 32-bit float vector
`vector64(json)`	Create a 64-bit float vector
`vector_distance_cos(v1, v2)`	Cosine distance
`vector_distance_l2(v1, v2)`	Euclidean distance
`vector_extract(v)`	Convert vector to JSON
`vector_concat(v1, v2)`	Concatenate vectors
`vector_slice(v, start, end)`	Extract vector slice

Example

CREATE TABLE docs (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    content TEXT,
    embedding BLOB
);

INSERT INTO docs VALUES (1, 'database systems', vector32('[0.1, 0.2, 0.3]'));
INSERT INTO docs VALUES (2, 'machine learning', vector32('[0.4, 0.5, 0.6]'));

-- Find similar documents
SELECT content, vector_distance_cos(embedding, vector32('[0.1, 0.25, 0.35]')) AS dist
FROM docs
ORDER BY dist
LIMIT 5;

Time Extension

The time extension is compatible with sqlean-time and provides advanced time manipulation functions.

A time value (t in the tables below) is an opaque 13-byte BLOB, not an integer — this matches sqlean-time byte-for-byte (version(1) + seconds(8) + nanoseconds(4), with seconds counted from year 0001). Any function that produces a time (time_now, time_date, time_add, …) returns a BLOB, and typeof(time_now()) is blob. Use time_to_unix / time_to_nano to get an INTEGER, and the time_fmt_* functions to get TEXT.To store a time value in a STRICT table, use a BLOB column, or convert it first:

CREATE TABLE X (t BLOB) STRICT;
INSERT INTO X (t) VALUES (time_now());

-- Or store a Unix integer:
CREATE TABLE Y (t INTEGER) STRICT;
INSERT INTO Y (t) VALUES (time_to_nano(time_now()));

Key Functions

Function	Parameters	Return Type	Description
`time_now()`	none	BLOB	Current time
`time_date(y,m,d,...)`	INTEGER…	BLOB	Create time from components
`make_date(y,m,d)`	INTEGER…	BLOB	Create time from a date
`make_timestamp(...)`	INTEGER…	BLOB	Create time from a timestamp
`time_unix(sec)`	INTEGER	BLOB	Create time from Unix seconds
`to_timestamp(sec)`	INTEGER	BLOB	Create time from Unix seconds
`time_milli(ms)`	INTEGER	BLOB	Create time from milliseconds
`time_micro(us)`	INTEGER	BLOB	Create time from microseconds
`time_nano(ns)`	INTEGER	BLOB	Create time from nanoseconds
`time_to_unix(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Convert to Unix seconds
`time_to_milli(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Convert to milliseconds
`time_to_micro(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Convert to microseconds
`time_to_nano(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Convert to nanoseconds
`time_get_year(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Extract year
`time_get_month(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Extract month (1-12)
`time_get_day(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Extract day (1-31)
`time_get_hour(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Extract hour (0-23)
`time_get_minute(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Extract minute (0-59)
`time_get_second(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Extract second (0-59)
`time_get_weekday(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Day of week (0=Sunday)
`time_get(t, field)`	BLOB, TEXT	INTEGER	Extract named field
`time_add(t, d)`	BLOB, INTEGER	BLOB	Add duration
`time_add_date(t, y, m, d)`	BLOB, INTEGER…	BLOB	Add years/months/days
`time_sub(t, u)`	BLOB, BLOB	INTEGER	Difference between times (duration)
`time_since(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Duration since time
`time_until(t)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Duration until time
`time_trunc(t, field)`	BLOB, TEXT	BLOB	Truncate to field
`time_round(t, d)`	BLOB, INTEGER	BLOB	Round to nearest duration
`time_after(t, u)`	BLOB, BLOB	INTEGER	1 if t is after u
`time_before(t, u)`	BLOB, BLOB	INTEGER	1 if t is before u
`time_compare(t, u)`	BLOB, BLOB	INTEGER	-1, 0, or 1
`time_equal(t, u)`	BLOB, BLOB	INTEGER	1 if equal
`time_fmt_iso(t)`	BLOB	TEXT	Format as ISO 8601
`time_fmt_datetime(t)`	BLOB	TEXT	Format as datetime
`time_fmt_date(t)`	BLOB	TEXT	Format as date
`time_fmt_time(t)`	BLOB	TEXT	Format as time
`time_parse(s)`	TEXT	BLOB	Parse time string

Duration Constants

Function	Value
`dur_ns()`	1 nanosecond
`dur_us()`	1 microsecond
`dur_ms()`	1 millisecond
`dur_s()`	1 second
`dur_m()`	1 minute
`dur_h()`	1 hour

Example

-- Current time formatted
SELECT time_fmt_iso(time_now());
-- '2025-03-15T10:30:00Z'

-- Date arithmetic
SELECT time_fmt_date(time_add_date(time_now(), 0, 1, 0));
-- add 1 month to today

-- Duration since a timestamp
SELECT time_since(time_date(2025, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)) / dur_h();
-- hours since Jan 1, 2025

Full-Text Search (FTS)

Turso Extension: Full-text search powered by Tantivy, replacing SQLite’s FTS3/FTS4/FTS5.

Turso provides full-text search through the FTS index method. For the complete reference including query syntax, tokenizers, and scoring, see FTS Functions.

Quick Reference

-- Create an FTS index
CREATE INDEX idx ON articles USING fts (title, body);

-- Search
SELECT title, fts_score('idx') AS score
FROM articles
WHERE fts_match('idx', 'database search')
ORDER BY score;

-- Highlighted results
SELECT fts_highlight('idx', 0, '<b>', '</b>') AS title
FROM articles
WHERE fts_match('idx', 'database');

CSV Extension

The CSV extension provides a virtual table for reading CSV files.

Usage

CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE temp.csv_data USING csv(
    filename='/path/to/data.csv',
    header=yes
);

SELECT * FROM csv_data;

Parameter	Description
`filename`	Path to the CSV file
`header`	`yes` if the first row contains column names

Percentile Extension

Statistical aggregate functions for computing percentiles.

Functions

Function	Parameters	Return Type	Description
`median(X)`	column	REAL	Median value (50th percentile)
`percentile(Y, P)`	column, REAL	REAL	P-th percentile of Y (P between 0 and 100)
`percentile_cont(Y, P)`	column, REAL	REAL	Continuous percentile (interpolated)
`percentile_disc(Y, P)`	column, REAL	REAL	Discrete percentile (nearest value)

Examples

CREATE TABLE scores (value REAL);
INSERT INTO scores VALUES (10), (20), (30), (40), (50);

SELECT median(value) FROM scores;
-- 30.0

SELECT percentile(value, 75) FROM scores;
-- 40.0

SELECT percentile_cont(value, 0.25) FROM scores;
-- 20.0

Crypto Extension

The crypto extension provides hashing and encoding functions, compatible with sqlean-crypto.

Functions

Function	Parameters	Return Type	Description
`crypto_md5(data)`	TEXT/BLOB	BLOB	MD5 hash
`crypto_sha1(data)`	TEXT/BLOB	BLOB	SHA-1 hash
`crypto_sha256(data)`	TEXT/BLOB	BLOB	SHA-256 hash
`crypto_sha384(data)`	TEXT/BLOB	BLOB	SHA-384 hash
`crypto_sha512(data)`	TEXT/BLOB	BLOB	SHA-512 hash
`crypto_blake3(data)`	TEXT/BLOB	BLOB	BLAKE3 hash
`crypto_encode(data, format)`	BLOB, TEXT	TEXT	Encode a blob as text using `format` (e.g. `hex`, `base32`, `base64`, `url`)
`crypto_decode(text, format)`	TEXT, TEXT	BLOB	Decode text in the given `format` back into a blob

-- Hash a value and encode it as hex
SELECT crypto_encode(crypto_sha256('hello'), 'hex');

-- Base64 round-trip
SELECT crypto_decode(crypto_encode(x'CAFE', 'base64'), 'base64');

Fuzzy Extension

The fuzzy extension provides string-similarity, distance, and phonetic functions, compatible with sqlean-fuzzy.

Functions

Function	Parameters	Return Type	Description
`fuzzy_editdist(a, b)`	TEXT, TEXT	INTEGER	Spellcheck-style edit distance
`fuzzy_leven(a, b)`	TEXT, TEXT	INTEGER	Levenshtein distance
`fuzzy_damlev(a, b)`	TEXT, TEXT	INTEGER	Damerau-Levenshtein distance
`fuzzy_osadist(a, b)`	TEXT, TEXT	INTEGER	Optimal string alignment distance
`fuzzy_hamming(a, b)`	TEXT, TEXT	INTEGER	Hamming distance
`fuzzy_jarowin(a, b)`	TEXT, TEXT	REAL	Jaro-Winkler similarity
`fuzzy_soundex(s)`	TEXT	TEXT	Soundex phonetic code
`fuzzy_rsoundex(s)`	TEXT	TEXT	Refined Soundex code
`fuzzy_caver(s)`	TEXT	TEXT	Caverphone phonetic code
`fuzzy_phonetic(s)`	TEXT	TEXT	US Census phonetic code
`fuzzy_translit(s)`	TEXT	TEXT	Transliterate Unicode text to ASCII
`fuzzy_script(s)`	TEXT	INTEGER	Identify the writing script of the text
`phonetics(a, b)`	TEXT, TEXT	INTEGER	1 if two strings are phonetically equal

-- Distance between two strings
SELECT fuzzy_leven('awesome', 'aewsime');
-- 3

-- Phonetic encoding
SELECT fuzzy_soundex('Robert');
-- 'R163'

IP Address Extension

The ipaddr extension provides functions for working with IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and networks.

Functions

Function	Parameters	Return Type	Description
`ipfamily(ip)`	TEXT	INTEGER	Returns 4 for IPv4 or 6 for IPv6
`iphost(ip)`	TEXT	TEXT	The host portion of an address (strips any netmask)
`ipmasklen(cidr)`	TEXT	INTEGER	The prefix (mask) length of a CIDR network
`ipnetwork(cidr)`	TEXT	TEXT	The network address of a CIDR value
`ipcontains(network, ip)`	TEXT, TEXT	INTEGER	1 if the CIDR network contains the given address

SELECT ipfamily('192.168.1.1');            -- 4
SELECT ipnetwork('192.168.1.42/24');       -- '192.168.1.0/24'
SELECT ipcontains('10.0.0.0/8', '10.1.2.3'); -- 1

generate_series

The generate_series table-valued function generates a sequence of integers.

SELECT value FROM generate_series(start, stop);
SELECT value FROM generate_series(start, stop, step);

Parameter	Type	Description
start	INTEGER	Starting value (inclusive)
stop	INTEGER	Ending value (inclusive)
step	INTEGER	Step increment (default: 1)

SELECT value FROM generate_series(1, 5);
-- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

SELECT value FROM generate_series(0, 10, 2);
-- 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

SELECT value FROM generate_series(10, 1, -3);
-- 10, 7, 4, 1

​Extensions

​Loading Extensions

​UUID Extension

​Functions

​Examples

​Regexp Extension

​Functions

​Examples

​Vector Extension

​Quick Reference

​Example

​Time Extension

​Key Functions

​Duration Constants

​Example

​Full-Text Search (FTS)

​Quick Reference

​CSV Extension

​Usage

​Percentile Extension

​Functions

​Examples

​Crypto Extension

​Functions

​Fuzzy Extension

​Functions

​IP Address Extension

​Functions

​generate_series

​See Also

Extensions

Loading Extensions

UUID Extension

Functions

Examples

Regexp Extension

Functions

Examples

Vector Extension

Quick Reference

Example

Time Extension

Key Functions

Duration Constants

Example

Full-Text Search (FTS)

Quick Reference

CSV Extension

Usage

Percentile Extension

Functions

Examples

Crypto Extension

Functions

Fuzzy Extension

Functions

IP Address Extension

Functions

generate_series

See Also