INSERT … ON CONFLICT (Upsert)

The upsert clause is an extension to INSERT that specifies what to do when the insert would violate a UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint. Instead of failing with an error, the statement can either skip the conflicting row or update it.

Syntax

INSERT INTO table-name [(column-name [, column-name ...])]
VALUES (expression [, expression ...]) [, ...]
ON CONFLICT [(conflict-target)] DO NOTHING
[ON CONFLICT [(conflict-target)] DO NOTHING | DO UPDATE ...]

INSERT INTO table-name [(column-name [, column-name ...])]
VALUES (expression [, expression ...]) [, ...]
ON CONFLICT [(conflict-target)] DO UPDATE
    SET column-name = expression [, column-name = expression ...]
    [WHERE expression]
[ON CONFLICT [(conflict-target)] DO NOTHING | DO UPDATE ...]

Where conflict-target is:

(column-name [, column-name ...]) [WHERE expression]

Description

An upsert clause is added to the end of an INSERT statement to handle constraint violations gracefully. There are two actions: DO NOTHING silently skips the conflicting row, and DO UPDATE modifies the existing row in place.

DO NOTHING

DO NOTHING causes the INSERT to silently skip any row that would violate the specified constraint. No error is raised and the existing row is left unchanged. When a conflict target is specified, only violations on that particular constraint trigger the skip. When no conflict target is specified, any constraint violation triggers the skip.

INSERT INTO users (id, name) VALUES (1, 'Alice')
ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;

DO UPDATE

DO UPDATE causes the INSERT to update the existing row when a constraint violation occurs. The SET clause specifies which columns to update and what values to assign. A conflict target is required for DO UPDATE.

INSERT INTO counters (name, value) VALUES ('hits', 1)
ON CONFLICT (name) DO UPDATE
    SET value = counters.value + 1;

Conflict Target

The conflict target identifies which UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint the clause applies to. It is a parenthesized list of column names that must exactly match the columns of an existing unique constraint on the table. For partial unique indexes (indexes with a WHERE clause), the conflict target must also include a WHERE clause that matches the index’s condition.

-- Given: CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx ON t(a, b) WHERE c > 0
INSERT INTO t VALUES (1, 2, 3)
ON CONFLICT (a, b) WHERE c > 0 DO NOTHING;

The `excluded` Table

Inside the SET and WHERE clauses of DO UPDATE, the special excluded table contains the values that were proposed for insertion. This allows the update expression to reference both the existing row (using the table name) and the proposed new row (using excluded).

Reference	Meaning
`table-name.column`	The current value of the column in the existing row
`excluded.column`	The value that was proposed for insertion but caused the conflict

INSERT INTO products (sku, name, price) VALUES ('A001', 'Widget', 12.99)
ON CONFLICT (sku) DO UPDATE
    SET name = excluded.name,
        price = excluded.price;

WHERE Clause on DO UPDATE

The DO UPDATE clause can include a WHERE expression that further restricts when the update occurs. If the WHERE condition evaluates to false for a conflicting row, that row is left unchanged (the insert is silently skipped, as with DO NOTHING).

INSERT INTO products (sku, name, price) VALUES ('A001', 'Widget', 8.99)
ON CONFLICT (sku) DO UPDATE
    SET price = excluded.price
    WHERE excluded.price < products.price;

In this example, the price is only updated if the new price is lower than the existing price.

Multiple ON CONFLICT Clauses

An INSERT statement can have multiple ON CONFLICT clauses, each targeting a different constraint. The clauses are evaluated in order. When a constraint violation occurs, the first matching clause is used.

INSERT INTO users (id, email, name) VALUES (1, 'alice@example.com', 'Alice')
ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET name = excluded.name, email = excluded.email
ON CONFLICT (email) DO NOTHING;

At most one ON CONFLICT clause can omit the conflict target. A clause without a conflict target acts as a catch-all and must appear last. Only DO NOTHING is allowed without a conflict target.

Examples

Upsert a counter

CREATE TABLE counters (name TEXT PRIMARY KEY, value INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0);

-- First insert creates the row
INSERT INTO counters (name, value) VALUES ('logins', 1)
ON CONFLICT (name) DO UPDATE SET value = counters.value + excluded.value;

SELECT * FROM counters;
-- logins|1

-- Subsequent inserts increment the counter
INSERT INTO counters (name, value) VALUES ('logins', 1)
ON CONFLICT (name) DO UPDATE SET value = counters.value + excluded.value;

SELECT * FROM counters;
-- logins|2

Bulk insert, skipping duplicates

CREATE TABLE tags (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, label TEXT UNIQUE);
INSERT INTO tags VALUES (1, 'rust');
INSERT INTO tags VALUES (2, 'sql');

-- Insert several tags, skipping any that already exist
INSERT INTO tags VALUES (2, 'sql'), (3, 'wasm'), (4, 'database')
ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;

SELECT * FROM tags;
-- 1|rust
-- 2|sql
-- 3|wasm
-- 4|database

Conditional update with excluded

CREATE TABLE prices (
    product_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    price REAL NOT NULL,
    updated_at TEXT NOT NULL
);
INSERT INTO prices VALUES (1, 29.99, '2025-01-01');

-- Only update the price if the new timestamp is more recent
INSERT INTO prices (product_id, price, updated_at) VALUES (1, 24.99, '2025-06-15')
ON CONFLICT (product_id) DO UPDATE
    SET price = excluded.price,
        updated_at = excluded.updated_at
    WHERE excluded.updated_at > prices.updated_at;

SELECT * FROM prices;
-- 1|24.99|2025-06-15

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INSERT ... ON CONFLICT (Upsert)

INSERT … ON CONFLICT (Upsert)

Syntax

Description

DO NOTHING

DO UPDATE

Conflict Target

The `excluded` Table

WHERE Clause on DO UPDATE

Multiple ON CONFLICT Clauses

Examples

Upsert a counter

Bulk insert, skipping duplicates

Conditional update with excluded

See Also

​INSERT … ON CONFLICT (Upsert)

​Syntax

​Description

​DO NOTHING

​DO UPDATE

​Conflict Target

​The excluded Table

​WHERE Clause on DO UPDATE

​Multiple ON CONFLICT Clauses

​Examples

​Upsert a counter

​Bulk insert, skipping duplicates

​Conditional update with excluded

​See Also

INSERT … ON CONFLICT (Upsert)

Syntax

Description

DO NOTHING

DO UPDATE

Conflict Target

The `excluded` Table

WHERE Clause on DO UPDATE

Multiple ON CONFLICT Clauses

Examples

Upsert a counter

Bulk insert, skipping duplicates

Conditional update with excluded

See Also